At each target effector, dual innervation determines activity.
Homeostasis is the balance between the two systems. The sympathetic system is associated with the fight-or-flight response, and parasympathetic activity is referred to by the epithet of rest and digest. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. In addition to the endocrine system, the autonomic nervous system is instrumental in homeostatic mechanisms in the body. The autonomic nervous system regulates many of the internal organs through a balance of two aspects, or divisions. The somatic nervous system is associated with voluntary responses (though many can happen without conscious awareness, like breathing), and the autonomic nervous system is associated with involuntary responses, such as those related to homeostasis. The autonomic nervous system controls cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue. The somatic nervous system causes contraction of skeletal muscles. The major differences between the two systems are evident in the responses that each produces.
The motor branch of the nervous system can be divided into two functional parts: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. Describe the signaling molecules and receptor proteins involved in communication within the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.Explain the differences in output connections within the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.Name the components that generate the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the autonomic nervous system.By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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